Shortly after gulf war (G.W) thousands of war veterans referred with sign and symptoms of an unknown disease called G.W illness. Despite multiple studies undertaken by several non-governmental and governmental centers this illness remains unclassified and can not be coded by international classification of disease (I.C.D). The etiology has not been found and the illness appears to be multifactorial and basically related to use of depleted uranium (D.U) weapons, chemical warfare (C.W) and biological agents. This article reviews this illness and the adverse effects of D.U and B.c.W agents in the G.W battlefields.

Islam is a comprehensive and accommodating religion which has proposed practical codes, means and objective plans in all arenas of man’s life. One of the arenas receiving prime focus in the holy Quran refers to issue of command and leading forces in the fields of defense and military. Following a relatively long period of declining shining period of early Islamic ruling system and the caliphs, Imam Khomeini as an Islamic leader rose sun-like from the east and raised again the Islamic Shia’s flag all over the world. The revolutionary movement led by imam Khomeini is significant in that he as a high-ranking Shia authority (Marja), while leading and commanding the armed forces as the commander-in- chief, practically institutionalized the capability and authority of a religious leader in the management of great ruling and military affairs, and provided the man with an objective and positive answer to the question that religion can manage people’s politico-military affairs”. To this end, this study has addressed “strategic, tactical and operational” dimensions of the late and elite leader’s command during the eight-year imposed war by Iraq on Iran, as a model for all military leaders and commanders in the Islamic system.

In the final years of the First World war, the Jungle Movement went into a battle against the English troops resulted from the military changes of the Caucasian region. The English troops needed a quick passage to the Caucasus through Gilan, but the Jungle Movement prevented them and this culminated in a battle. This battle is one of the most important events in the history of the movement and it had a strong effect on its destiny. Hence, the study and analysis of it, particularly thetactics adopted by the movement and their effects, is very important. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to answer the questions as to what tactics the movement employed in the battle against the English and what the results of these tactics were for the movement. In general, four tactics are distinguished in this battle: regular warfare, partisan warfare, urban warfare, and peace. The analysis of the quality of these tactics demonstrates that, except for the partisan warfare, other tactics had negative results for the movement.

The present research has been aimed to explain the tactics of field artillery against terrorist groups based on mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population has consisted of all artillery battalion commanders and above. The sample size in the interview phase was calculated 12 persons through judgmental sampling method and questionnaire phase were calculated 50 persons with Cochran formula and Stratified Random Sampling. Data were measured using a semi-structured interview for explaining field artillery tactics and using a 27-question questionnaire to test research hypotheses. The validity was confirmed for the questionnaire and interview by experts. Also the reliability was confirmed for interview with retest reliability (91%) and questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha (0. 90). The result showed; 1) Organization for fighting should be decentralized and firebombed to combat terrorist groups, 2) Artillery fire planning should be detailed at first and followed should be hasty and detailed, and 3) The identification, selection and occupation of the artillery position should be diffused and hasty across the width and depth of the area.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Motif is one the most important elements in consolidating narratives. It can affect the narrative both structurally and syntactically and due to repetition creates beauty, attraction and semantic salience in narrative situations. In epics, too, they are the links between the written epics, most of which are recreating the motifs of earlier works. They can be divided into main titles such as people, events, places, objects, concepts, and several subheadings can be considered for each title. The aims of this research are these: finding high frequency motifs in the selected epics, declaring their similarities and differences and specifying their effects in the processes and results of epics. METHODOLOGY: Analytical-descriptive in which poetic books such as Ghazan Nameh, GaoonNameh, ZafarNameh, HomayounNameh, SharafNameh and TimurNmeh were studied as the first step. Then their motifs were extracted and the most frequent motifs and their different subclasses were specified and named. FINDINGS: Motifs like causes of war, tact, tactics, treaty and message are the most frequent motifs of epic-historical works of this research. The motif of war with causes such as malice, Islamophobia, power-seeking and display of power is present in the works with the most frequency. Defensive, deceptive and destructive measures and tactics are applied in various ways such as ambush, corps formation, obstruction, deterrence, intimidation and influence in the enemy corps. Covenants are loyal, protective, coercive, utilitarian, reverse, murderous. Messages fall into the categories of written and oral, prophecy, and sleep. CONCLUSION: In historical and religious dimensions. The subject of the work, the poet, his worldview and attitude, and his linguistic and expressive creativity have influenced the role of motifs. and changed them semantically. It has affected the quantity and manner of their presence and the manner of their use. The motifs, despite the variety of themes, advance the epic narrative and increase the reader's awareness of the causes of war, the reasons for defeat, victory, and the motives of war.

Numerous structural, political, economic, and tactical factors were involved in the strengths and weaknesses of the Safavid military forces, each of which requiring a separate evaluation opportunity. The present article focuses solely on the role and influence of the tactical factor in the military achievements and failures of the Safavids. Using a historical (descriptive-analytical) method, it tries to discuss the combat tactics used by the Safavid army and the role of these methods in the Safavid military defeats and victories. The findings show that the Safavids mainly chose their war tactics based on time and space requirements, offensive or defensive positions, number of troops and military equipment and other conditions. The most important of these tactics were regular warfare, irregular warfare, castle warfare, urban battle, and destruction of resources. Although the Safavids were generally successful in adopting the best war method, sometimes superior military methods of the enemy and some miscalculations by the Safavids, and consequently adopting inappropriate war method imposed huge costs to the country and the government in various respects.

Analyzing the military strategies of Iranian governments in the early Islamic centuries is a topic that has not much received researchers' attention. Due to the role played by the recognition of these strategies in explaining the military function of the governments of this era, the Samanids and the Saffarids' war strategies as well as the impact of these strategies on the victory of each side of the war, were found questions worthy of investigation. The military confrontation between the Samanids and the Saffarids in the sensitive medieval period of Iran is another factor explaining the necessity of a case study of these two governments, carried out in this paper. Evidence suggests that the use of propaganda, psychological and military strategies based on operational tactics were simultaneously the most important strategy developed by the Samanids and the Saffarids, which had a significant impact on their victory. Strategies that imply the ingenuity and creativity of the emirs of these two dynasties in confronting their enemies and trying to maintain and expand their realm.

Some of the microorganisms such as Escherichia coli have the ability to migrate to areas in which the intensity of magnetic fields (MFs) is higher, which is called magnetotactic properties. Magnetotaxis is a process implemented by a group of gram-negative bacteria that involves orienting and coordinating movement in response to magnetic fields. This study was conducted to investigate these properties of Escherichia coli in laboratory conditions. By means of coated wires (30 rounds) placed in two parts of the reactor (with five zones and a volume of 250 mL) and direct current (DC), an intensity of 0. 18 mT for 42 minutes has been prepared. The most probable number of E. coli per 100 mL (MPN/100 mL) in each zone of the reactor, before and after exposure, was estimated. According to the results of this study, E. coli has magnetotactic properties, and the mean density of these bacteria in higher MFs (0. 18 mT) is higher compared to the other zones in the reactor.